Protectionism is an economic policy aimed at restricting imports to shield domestic industries from foreign competition. By imposing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers, governments seek to bolster local employment and maintain national security. This approach can lead to trade tensions but is often justified as a means to nurture nascent industries and reduce dependency on foreign goods. While protectionism can safeguard domestic markets, it may also result in higher consumer prices and limited product choices, influencing global trade dynamics.

Protectionism matters because it directly affects global trade relations and economic stability. By implementing trade barriers, countries aim to protect local jobs and industries, which can lead to international trade disputes and shifts in global economic power. Understanding protectionism is crucial for policymakers to navigate the complexities of international trade and to formulate strategies that balance domestic interests with global cooperation.

Scholars of international relations argue that protectionism reflects a nation's strategic attempt to assert economic sovereignty in a globalised world. Academic consensus suggests that while protectionism can offer short-term economic benefits, it may hinder long-term growth by isolating economies from competitive pressures and innovation. This tension between national interests and global economic integration is a central theme in contemporary international relations discourse.